• Posted February 25, 2026

Scientists' Push For a Universal Vaccine Takes a Key Step Forward

If you avoid getting vaccinated because you dread one needle stick after another, there’s hopeful news from scientists at five major U.S. universities.

They’ve taken a major step toward developing a nasal spray that could one day protect against everything from influenza and COVID-19 to bacterial pneumonia and even common allergens.

"That would transform medical practice," said Bali Pulendran, a professor of microbiology and immunology at Stanford University School of Medicine who was part of a team that recently tested just such a vaccine in mice. 

They published their findings Feb. 19 in the journal Science.

Their experimental nasal vaccine is designed to supercharge the lungs’ own immune defenses, and tests in mice found it provided protection that lasted for months.

"We were interested in this idea because it sounded a bit outrageous," Pulendran said in a news release. "I think nobody was seriously entertaining that something like this could ever be possible."

But indeed, it was. 

The spray protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, as well as two pathogens that cause common hospital-acquired infections and even against house mites, a common allergen, researchers reported. 

Just don’t prepare to stop rolling up your sleeve anytime soon. The vaccine spray still has to be tested in people — and animal studies often yield different results in humans.

But if researchers can achieve similar results in people, one vaccine, administered via nose, could someday replace multiple yearly shots for respiratory illnesses. It could also provide quick protection against an emerging pandemic virus, researchers said.

The experimental vaccine works differently from immunizations that have been available for the last 230 years.

Today’s shots provide the immune system with a piece of a disease-causing germ, so it can recognize and fight a real virus if needed. The problem: Many viruses mutate quickly. That’s why boosters and annual flu shots are recommended.

"Like the proverbial leopard that changes its spots, a virus can change the antigens on its surface," Pulendran explained.

The new vaccine works in a different way.

It imitates the signals exchanged by immune cells during an infection, thereby marshaling the body’s main defenses into a coordinated, longer-lasting response, the researchers explained in a Stanford Medicine news release.

They have given their new formulation a distinctive monicker: GLA-3M-052-LS+OVA. 

It’s designed to mimic signals that stimulate innate immune cells in the lungs. It also includes an egg protein known as ovalbumin or OVA. It draws T cells into the lungs and helps sustain the immune response for weeks to months.

Mice got the vaccine through droplets placed in their snouts. Some had several doses, each a week apart. Then they were exposed to a respiratory virus.   

What happened next was striking, researchers said. 

Three doses of the experimental vaccine provided at least three months’ protection against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. 

The lungs of vaccinated mice had little virus. All survived. Meanwhile, their unvaccinated counterparts, had severe weight loss — a sign they were sick — and often died. 

"The lung immune system is so ready and so alert that it can launch the typical adaptive responses — virus-specific T cells and antibodies — in as little as three days, which is an extraordinarily short length of time," Pulendran said. "Normally, in an unvaccinated mouse, it takes two weeks."

The vaccine also provided about three months of protection against some bacterial infections, including Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii. Vaccinated mice also had a strong immune response to a protein from dust mites that causes allergic asthma.

"I think what we have is a universal vaccine against diverse respiratory threats," Pulendran said.

If tests in people pan out, he projects that a universal respiratory vaccine could be available within five to seven years.

"Imagine getting a nasal spray in the fall months that protects you from all respiratory viruses including COVID-19, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the common cold, as well as bacterial pneumonia and early spring allergens," Pulendran said.

Besides Stanford, the study was carried out by researchers from Emory University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Utah State University and the University of Arizona.

More information

Johns Hopkins Medicine has more about vaccines and how they work.

SOURCE: Stanford Medicine, Feb. 23, 2026